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Instance Public methods
add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})

Add a new type column named column_name to table_name.

The type parameter is normally one of the migrations native types, which is one of the following: :primary_key, :string, :text, :integer, :bigint, :float, :decimal, :numeric, :datetime, :time, :date, :binary, :boolean.

You may use a type not in this list as long as it is supported by your database (for example, “polygon” in MySQL), but this will not be database agnostic and should usually be avoided.

Available options are (none of these exists by default):

  • :limit - Requests a maximum column length. This is the number of characters for a :string column and number of bytes for :text, :binary and :integer columns. This option is ignored by some backends.

  • :default - The column's default value. Use nil for NULL.

  • :null - Allows or disallows NULL values in the column.

  • :precision - Specifies the precision for the :decimal and :numeric columns.

  • :scale - Specifies the scale for the :decimal and :numeric columns.

  • :comment - Specifies the comment for the column. This option is ignored by some backends.

Note: The precision is the total number of significant digits, and the scale is the number of digits that can be stored following the decimal point. For example, the number 123.45 has a precision of 5 and a scale of 2. A decimal with a precision of 5 and a scale of 2 can range from -999.99 to 999.99.

Please be aware of different RDBMS implementations behavior with :decimal columns:

  • The SQL standard says the default scale should be 0, :scale <= :precision, and makes no comments about the requirements of :precision.

  • MySQL: :precision [1..63], :scale [0..30]. Default is (10,0).

  • PostgreSQL: :precision [1..infinity], :scale [0..infinity]. No default.

  • SQLite3: No restrictions on :precision and :scale, but the maximum supported :precision is 16. No default.

  • Oracle: :precision [1..38], :scale [-84..127]. Default is (38,0).

  • DB2: :precision [1..63], :scale [0..62]. Default unknown.

  • SqlServer: :precision [1..38], :scale [0..38]. Default (38,0).

Examples

add_column(:users, :picture, :binary, limit: 2.megabytes)
# ALTER TABLE "users" ADD "picture" blob(2097152)

add_column(:articles, :status, :string, limit: 20, default: 'draft', null: false)
# ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD "status" varchar(20) DEFAULT 'draft' NOT NULL

add_column(:answers, :bill_gates_money, :decimal, precision: 15, scale: 2)
# ALTER TABLE "answers" ADD "bill_gates_money" decimal(15,2)

add_column(:measurements, :sensor_reading, :decimal, precision: 30, scale: 20)
# ALTER TABLE "measurements" ADD "sensor_reading" decimal(30,20)

# While :scale defaults to zero on most databases, it
# probably wouldn't hurt to include it.
add_column(:measurements, :huge_integer, :decimal, precision: 30)
# ALTER TABLE "measurements" ADD "huge_integer" decimal(30)

# Defines a column that stores an array of a type.
add_column(:users, :skills, :text, array: true)
# ALTER TABLE "users" ADD "skills" text[]

# Defines a column with a database-specific type.
add_column(:shapes, :triangle, 'polygon')
# ALTER TABLE "shapes" ADD "triangle" polygon
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 578
def add_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
  at = create_alter_table table_name
  at.add_column(column_name, type, options)
  execute schema_creation.accept at
end
add_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1360
def add_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
  td = create_table_definition(table_name)
  cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
  schema_creation.accept(AddColumnDefinition.new(cd))
end
add_foreign_key(from_table, to_table, options = {})

Adds a new foreign key. from_table is the table with the key column, to_table contains the referenced primary key.

The foreign key will be named after the following pattern: fk_rails_<identifier>. identifier is a 10 character long string which is deterministically generated from the from_table and column. A custom name can be specified with the :name option.

Creating a simple foreign key
add_foreign_key :articles, :authors

generates:

ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_e74ce85cbc FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id")
Creating a foreign key on a specific column
add_foreign_key :articles, :users, column: :author_id, primary_key: "lng_id"

generates:

ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_58ca3d3a82 FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "users" ("lng_id")
Creating a cascading foreign key
add_foreign_key :articles, :authors, on_delete: :cascade

generates:

ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_e74ce85cbc FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id") ON DELETE CASCADE

The options hash can include the following keys:

:column

The foreign key column name on from_table. Defaults to to_table.singularize + "_id"

:primary_key

The primary key column name on to_table. Defaults to id.

:name

The constraint name. Defaults to fk_rails_<identifier>.

:on_delete

Action that happens ON DELETE. Valid values are :nullify, :cascade and :restrict

:on_update

Action that happens ON UPDATE. Valid values are :nullify, :cascade and :restrict

:validate

(Postgres only) Specify whether or not the constraint should be validated. Defaults to true.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 960
      def add_foreign_key(from_table, to_table, options = {})
        return unless supports_foreign_keys?

        options = foreign_key_options(from_table, to_table, options)
        at = create_alter_table from_table
        at.add_foreign_key to_table, options

        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
      end

      # Removes the given foreign key from the table. Any option parameters provided
      # will be used to re-add the foreign key in case of a migration rollback.
      # It is recommended that you provide any options used when creating the foreign
      # key so that the migration can be reverted properly.
      #
      # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.branch_id+.
      #
      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
      #
      # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.owner_id+.
      #
      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
      #
      # Removes the foreign key named +special_fk_name+ on the +accounts+ table.
      #
      #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name
      #
      # The +options+ hash accepts the same keys as SchemaStatements#add_foreign_key.
      def remove_foreign_key(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
        return unless supports_foreign_keys?

        fk_name_to_delete = foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table).name

        at = create_alter_table from_table
        at.drop_foreign_key fk_name_to_delete

        execute schema_creation.accept(at)
      end

      # Checks to see if a foreign key exists on a table for a given foreign key definition.
      #
      #   # Checks to see if a foreign key exists.
      #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, :branches)
      #
      #   # Checks to see if a foreign key on a specified column exists.
      #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, column: :owner_id)
      #
      #   # Checks to see if a foreign key with a custom name exists.
      #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, name: "special_fk_name")
      #
      def foreign_key_exists?(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
        foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table).present?
      end

      def foreign_key_column_for(table_name) # :nodoc:
        prefix = Base.table_name_prefix
        suffix = Base.table_name_suffix
        name = table_name.to_s =~ /#{prefix}(.+)#{suffix}/ ? $1 : table_name.to_s
        "#{name.singularize}_id"
      end

      def foreign_key_options(from_table, to_table, options) # :nodoc:
        options = options.dup
        options[:column] ||= foreign_key_column_for(to_table)
        options[:name]   ||= foreign_key_name(from_table, options)
        options
      end

      def dump_schema_information #:nodoc:
        versions = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.all_versions
        insert_versions_sql(versions) if versions.any?
      end

      def internal_string_options_for_primary_key # :nodoc:
        { primary_key: true }
      end

      def assume_migrated_upto_version(version, migrations_paths)
        migrations_paths = Array(migrations_paths)
        version = version.to_i
        sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name)

        migrated = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.all_versions.map(&:to_i)
        versions = migration_context.migration_files.map do |file|
          migration_context.parse_migration_filename(file).first.to_i
        end

        unless migrated.include?(version)
          execute "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(version)})"
        end

        inserting = (versions - migrated).select { |v| v < version }
        if inserting.any?
          if (duplicate = inserting.detect { |v| inserting.count(v) > 1 })
            raise "Duplicate migration #{duplicate}. Please renumber your migrations to resolve the conflict."
          end
          if supports_multi_insert?
            execute insert_versions_sql(inserting)
          else
            inserting.each do |v|
              execute insert_versions_sql(v)
            end
          end
        end
      end

      def type_to_sql(type, limit: nil, precision: nil, scale: nil, **) # :nodoc:
        type = type.to_sym if type
        if native = native_database_types[type]
          column_type_sql = (native.is_a?(Hash) ? native[:name] : native).dup

          if type == :decimal # ignore limit, use precision and scale
            scale ||= native[:scale]

            if precision ||= native[:precision]
              if scale
                column_type_sql << "(#{precision},#{scale})"
              else
                column_type_sql << "(#{precision})"
              end
            elsif scale
              raise ArgumentError, "Error adding decimal column: precision cannot be empty if scale is specified"
            end

          elsif [:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :interval].include?(type) && precision ||= native[:precision]
            if (0..6) === precision
              column_type_sql << "(#{precision})"
            else
              raise(ActiveRecordError, "No #{native[:name]} type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
            end
          elsif (type != :primary_key) && (limit ||= native.is_a?(Hash) && native[:limit])
            column_type_sql << "(#{limit})"
          end

          column_type_sql
        else
          type.to_s
        end
      end

      # Given a set of columns and an ORDER BY clause, returns the columns for a SELECT DISTINCT.
      # PostgreSQL, MySQL, and Oracle override this for custom DISTINCT syntax - they
      # require the order columns appear in the SELECT.
      #
      #   columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc"])
      #
      def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) # :nodoc:
        columns
      end

      # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to +table_name+.
      # Additional options (like +:null+) are forwarded to #add_column.
      #
      #   add_timestamps(:suppliers, null: true)
      #
      def add_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
        options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?

        add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options
        add_column table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options
      end

      # Removes the timestamp columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table definition.
      #
      #  remove_timestamps(:suppliers)
      #
      def remove_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
        remove_column table_name, :updated_at
        remove_column table_name, :created_at
      end

      def update_table_definition(table_name, base) #:nodoc:
        Table.new(table_name, base)
      end

      def add_index_options(table_name, column_name, comment: nil, **options) # :nodoc:
        column_names = index_column_names(column_name)

        options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :order, :name, :where, :length, :internal, :using, :algorithm, :type, :opclass)

        index_type = options[:type].to_s if options.key?(:type)
        index_type ||= options[:unique] ? "UNIQUE" : ""
        index_name = options[:name].to_s if options.key?(:name)
        index_name ||= index_name(table_name, column_names)

        if options.key?(:algorithm)
          algorithm = index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) {
            raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
          }
        end

        using = "USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using].present?

        if supports_partial_index?
          index_options = options[:where] ? " WHERE #{options[:where]}" : ""
        end

        validate_index_length!(table_name, index_name, options.fetch(:internal, false))

        if data_source_exists?(table_name) && index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name)
          raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' already exists"
        end
        index_columns = quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options).join(", ")

        [index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, algorithm, using, comment]
      end

      def options_include_default?(options)
        options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
      end

      # Changes the comment for a table or removes it if +nil+.
      def change_table_comment(table_name, comment)
        raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing table comments"
      end

      # Changes the comment for a column or removes it if +nil+.
      def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment)
        raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing column comments"
      end

      def create_schema_dumper(options) # :nodoc:
        SchemaDumper.create(self, options)
      end

      private
        def column_options_keys
          [:limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :collation, :comment]
        end

        def add_index_sort_order(quoted_columns, **options)
          orders = options_for_index_columns(options[:order])
          quoted_columns.each do |name, column|
            column << " #{orders[name].upcase}" if orders[name].present?
          end
        end

        def options_for_index_columns(options)
          if options.is_a?(Hash)
            options.symbolize_keys
          else
            Hash.new { |hash, column| hash[column] = options }
          end
        end

        # Overridden by the MySQL adapter for supporting index lengths and by
        # the PostgreSQL adapter for supporting operator classes.
        def add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, **options)
          if supports_index_sort_order?
            quoted_columns = add_index_sort_order(quoted_columns, options)
          end

          quoted_columns
        end

        def quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, **options)
          return [column_names] if column_names.is_a?(String)

          quoted_columns = Hash[column_names.map { |name| [name.to_sym, quote_column_name(name).dup] }]
          add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, options).values
        end

        def index_name_for_remove(table_name, options = {})
          return options[:name] if can_remove_index_by_name?(options)

          checks = []

          if options.is_a?(Hash)
            checks << lambda { |i| i.name == options[:name].to_s } if options.key?(:name)
            column_names = index_column_names(options[:column])
          else
            column_names = index_column_names(options)
          end

          if column_names.present?
            checks << lambda { |i| index_name(table_name, i.columns) == index_name(table_name, column_names) }
          end

          raise ArgumentError, "No name or columns specified" if checks.none?

          matching_indexes = indexes(table_name).select { |i| checks.all? { |check| check[i] } }

          if matching_indexes.count > 1
            raise ArgumentError, "Multiple indexes found on #{table_name} columns #{column_names}. " \
                                 "Specify an index name from #{matching_indexes.map(&:name).join(', ')}"
          elsif matching_indexes.none?
            raise ArgumentError, "No indexes found on #{table_name} with the options provided."
          else
            matching_indexes.first.name
          end
        end

        def rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
          indexes(new_name).each do |index|
            generated_index_name = index_name(table_name, column: index.columns)
            if generated_index_name == index.name
              rename_index new_name, generated_index_name, index_name(new_name, column: index.columns)
            end
          end
        end

        def rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
          column_name, new_column_name = column_name.to_s, new_column_name.to_s
          indexes(table_name).each do |index|
            next unless index.columns.include?(new_column_name)
            old_columns = index.columns.dup
            old_columns[old_columns.index(new_column_name)] = column_name
            generated_index_name = index_name(table_name, column: old_columns)
            if generated_index_name == index.name
              rename_index table_name, generated_index_name, index_name(table_name, column: index.columns)
            end
          end
        end

        def schema_creation
          SchemaCreation.new(self)
        end

        def create_table_definition(*args)
          TableDefinition.new(*args)
        end

        def create_alter_table(name)
          AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name)
        end

        def fetch_type_metadata(sql_type)
          cast_type = lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
          SqlTypeMetadata.new(
            sql_type: sql_type,
            type: cast_type.type,
            limit: cast_type.limit,
            precision: cast_type.precision,
            scale: cast_type.scale,
          )
        end

        def index_column_names(column_names)
          if column_names.is_a?(String) && /\W/.match?(column_names)
            column_names
          else
            Array(column_names)
          end
        end

        def index_name_options(column_names)
          if column_names.is_a?(String) && /\W/.match?(column_names)
            column_names = column_names.scan(/\w+/).join("_")
          end

          { column: column_names }
        end

        def foreign_key_name(table_name, options)
          options.fetch(:name) do
            identifier = "#{table_name}_#{options.fetch(:column)}_fk"
            hashed_identifier = Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(identifier).first(10)

            "fk_rails_#{hashed_identifier}"
          end
        end

        def foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
          return unless supports_foreign_keys?
          foreign_keys(from_table).detect { |fk| fk.defined_for? options_or_to_table }
        end

        def foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
          foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table) || \
            raise(ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key for #{options_or_to_table}")
        end

        def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier)
          case specifier
          when "CASCADE"; :cascade
          when "SET NULL"; :nullify
          when "RESTRICT"; :restrict
          end
        end

        def validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name, internal = false)
          max_index_length = internal ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length

          if new_name.length > max_index_length
            raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{new_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{allowed_index_name_length} characters"
          end
        end

        def extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
          if default_or_changes.is_a?(Hash) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:from) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:to)
            default_or_changes[:to]
          else
            default_or_changes
          end
        end

        def can_remove_index_by_name?(options)
          options.is_a?(Hash) && options.key?(:name) && options.except(:name, :algorithm).empty?
        end

        def add_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
          td = create_table_definition(table_name)
          cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
          schema_creation.accept(AddColumnDefinition.new(cd))
        end

        def remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
          "DROP COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)}"
        end

        def remove_columns_for_alter(table_name, *column_names)
          column_names.map { |column_name| remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name) }
        end

        def insert_versions_sql(versions)
          sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name)

          if versions.is_a?(Array)
            sql = "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES\n".dup
            sql << versions.map { |v| "(#{quote(v)})" }.join(",\n")
            sql << ";\n\n"
            sql
          else
            "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(versions)});"
          end
        end

        def data_source_sql(name = nil, type: nil)
          raise NotImplementedError
        end

        def quoted_scope(name = nil, type: nil)
          raise NotImplementedError
        end
    end
  end
end
add_index(table_name, column_name, options = {})

Adds a new index to the table. column_name can be a single Symbol, or an Array of Symbols.

The index will be named after the table and the column name(s), unless you pass :name as an option.

Creating a simple index
add_index(:suppliers, :name)

generates:

CREATE INDEX suppliers_name_index ON suppliers(name)
Creating a unique index
add_index(:accounts, [:branch_id, :party_id], unique: true)

generates:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX accounts_branch_id_party_id_index ON accounts(branch_id, party_id)
Creating a named index
add_index(:accounts, [:branch_id, :party_id], unique: true, name: 'by_branch_party')

generates:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX by_branch_party ON accounts(branch_id, party_id)
Creating an index with specific key length
add_index(:accounts, :name, name: 'by_name', length: 10)

generates:

CREATE INDEX by_name ON accounts(name(10))
Creating an index with specific key lengths for multiple keys
add_index(:accounts, [:name, :surname], name: 'by_name_surname', length: {name: 10, surname: 15})

generates:

CREATE INDEX by_name_surname ON accounts(name(10), surname(15))

Note: SQLite doesn't support index length.

Creating an index with a sort order (desc or asc, asc is the default)
add_index(:accounts, [:branch_id, :party_id, :surname], order: {branch_id: :desc, party_id: :asc})

generates:

CREATE INDEX by_branch_desc_party ON accounts(branch_id DESC, party_id ASC, surname)

Note: MySQL only supports index order from 8.0.1 onwards (earlier versions accepted the syntax but ignored it).

Creating a partial index
add_index(:accounts, [:branch_id, :party_id], unique: true, where: "active")

generates:

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_accounts_on_branch_id_and_party_id ON accounts(branch_id, party_id) WHERE active

Note: Partial indexes are only supported for PostgreSQL and SQLite 3.8.0+.

Creating an index with a specific method
add_index(:developers, :name, using: 'btree')

generates:

CREATE INDEX index_developers_on_name ON developers USING btree (name) -- PostgreSQL
CREATE INDEX index_developers_on_name USING btree ON developers (name) -- MySQL

Note: only supported by PostgreSQL and MySQL

Creating an index with a specific operator class
add_index(:developers, :name, using: 'gist', opclass: :gist_trgm_ops)
# CREATE INDEX developers_on_name ON developers USING gist (name gist_trgm_ops) -- PostgreSQL

add_index(:developers, [:name, :city], using: 'gist', opclass: { city: :gist_trgm_ops })
# CREATE INDEX developers_on_name_and_city ON developers USING gist (name, city gist_trgm_ops) -- PostgreSQL

add_index(:developers, [:name, :city], using: 'gist', opclass: :gist_trgm_ops)
# CREATE INDEX developers_on_name_and_city ON developers USING gist (name gist_trgm_ops, city gist_trgm_ops) -- PostgreSQL

Note: only supported by PostgreSQL

Creating an index with a specific type
add_index(:developers, :name, type: :fulltext)

generates:

CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX index_developers_on_name ON developers (name) -- MySQL

Note: only supported by MySQL.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 763
def add_index(table_name, column_name, options = {})
  index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options = add_index_options(table_name, column_name, options)
  execute "CREATE #{index_type} INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)} (#{index_columns})#{index_options}"
end
add_index_sort_order(quoted_columns, **options)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1190
def add_index_sort_order(quoted_columns, **options)
  orders = options_for_index_columns(options[:order])
  quoted_columns.each do |name, column|
    column << " #{orders[name].upcase}" if orders[name].present?
  end
end
add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, **options)

Overridden by the MySQL adapter for supporting index lengths and by the PostgreSQL adapter for supporting operator classes.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1207
def add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, **options)
  if supports_index_sort_order?
    quoted_columns = add_index_sort_order(quoted_columns, options)
  end

  quoted_columns
end
add_reference(table_name, ref_name, **options)

Adds a reference. The reference column is a bigint by default, the :type option can be used to specify a different type. Optionally adds a _type column, if :polymorphic option is provided. add_reference and add_belongs_to are acceptable.

The options hash can include the following keys:

:type

The reference column type. Defaults to :bigint.

:index

Add an appropriate index. Defaults to true. See add_index for usage of this option.

:foreign_key

Add an appropriate foreign key constraint. Defaults to false.

:polymorphic

Whether an additional _type column should be added. Defaults to false.

:null

Whether the column allows nulls. Defaults to true.

Create a user_id bigint column
add_reference(:products, :user)
Create a user_id string column
add_reference(:products, :user, type: :string)
Create supplier_id, supplier_type columns and appropriate index
add_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true)
Create a supplier_id column with a unique index
add_reference(:products, :supplier, index: { unique: true })
Create a supplier_id column with a named index
add_reference(:products, :supplier, index: { name: "my_supplier_index" })
Create a supplier_id column and appropriate foreign key
add_reference(:products, :supplier, foreign_key: true)
Create a supplier_id column and a foreign key to the firms table
add_reference(:products, :supplier, foreign_key: {to_table: :firms})
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 873
def add_reference(table_name, ref_name, **options)
  ReferenceDefinition.new(ref_name, options).add_to(update_table_definition(table_name, self))
end
add_timestamps(table_name, options = {})

Adds timestamps (created_at and updated_at) columns to table_name. Additional options (like :null) are forwarded to add_column.

add_timestamps(:suppliers, null: true)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1115
def add_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
  options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?

  add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options
  add_column table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options
end
assume_migrated_upto_version(version, migrations_paths)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1037
def assume_migrated_upto_version(version, migrations_paths)
  migrations_paths = Array(migrations_paths)
  version = version.to_i
  sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name)

  migrated = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.all_versions.map(&:to_i)
  versions = migration_context.migration_files.map do |file|
    migration_context.parse_migration_filename(file).first.to_i
  end

  unless migrated.include?(version)
    execute "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(version)})"
  end

  inserting = (versions - migrated).select { |v| v < version }
  if inserting.any?
    if (duplicate = inserting.detect { |v| inserting.count(v) > 1 })
      raise "Duplicate migration #{duplicate}. Please renumber your migrations to resolve the conflict."
    end
    if supports_multi_insert?
      execute insert_versions_sql(inserting)
    else
      inserting.each do |v|
        execute insert_versions_sql(v)
      end
    end
  end
end
can_remove_index_by_name?(options)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1356
def can_remove_index_by_name?(options)
  options.is_a?(Hash) && options.key?(:name) && options.except(:name, :algorithm).empty?
end
change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})

Changes the column's definition according to the new options. See ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition#column for details of the options you can use.

change_column(:suppliers, :name, :string, limit: 80)
change_column(:accounts, :description, :text)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 612
def change_column(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
  raise NotImplementedError, "change_column is not implemented"
end
change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment)

Changes the comment for a column or removes it if nil.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1177
def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment)
  raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing column comments"
end
change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes)

Sets a new default value for a column:

change_column_default(:suppliers, :qualification, 'new')
change_column_default(:accounts, :authorized, 1)

Setting the default to nil effectively drops the default:

change_column_default(:users, :email, nil)

Passing a hash containing :from and :to will make this change reversible in migration:

change_column_default(:posts, :state, from: nil, to: "draft")
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 630
def change_column_default(table_name, column_name, default_or_changes)
  raise NotImplementedError, "change_column_default is not implemented"
end
change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)

Sets or removes a NOT NULL constraint on a column. The null flag indicates whether the value can be NULL. For example

change_column_null(:users, :nickname, false)

says nicknames cannot be NULL (adds the constraint), whereas

change_column_null(:users, :nickname, true)

allows them to be NULL (drops the constraint).

The method accepts an optional fourth argument to replace existing NULLs with some other value. Use that one when enabling the constraint if needed, since otherwise those rows would not be valid.

Please note the fourth argument does not set a column's default.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 650
def change_column_null(table_name, column_name, null, default = nil)
  raise NotImplementedError, "change_column_null is not implemented"
end
change_table(table_name, options = {})

A block for changing columns in table.

# change_table() yields a Table instance
change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
  t.column :name, :string, limit: 60
  # Other column alterations here
end

The options hash can include the following keys:

:bulk

Set this to true to make this a bulk alter query, such as

ALTER TABLE `users` ADD COLUMN age INT, ADD COLUMN birthdate DATETIME ...

Defaults to false.

Only supported on the MySQL and PostgreSQL adapter, ignored elsewhere.

Add a column
change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
  t.column :name, :string, limit: 60
end
Add 2 integer columns
change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
  t.integer :width, :height, null: false, default: 0
end
Add created_at/updated_at columns
change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
  t.timestamps
end
Add a foreign key column
change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
  t.references :company
end

Creates a company_id(bigint) column.

Add a polymorphic foreign key column
change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
  t.belongs_to :company, polymorphic: true
end

Creates company_type(varchar) and company_id(bigint) columns.

Remove a column
change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
  t.remove :company
end
Remove several columns
change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
  t.remove :company_id
  t.remove :width, :height
end
Remove an index
change_table(:suppliers) do |t|
  t.remove_index :company_id
end

See also Table for details on all of the various column transformations.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 465
def change_table(table_name, options = {})
  if supports_bulk_alter? && options[:bulk]
    recorder = ActiveRecord::Migration::CommandRecorder.new(self)
    yield update_table_definition(table_name, recorder)
    bulk_change_table(table_name, recorder.commands)
  else
    yield update_table_definition(table_name, self)
  end
end
change_table_comment(table_name, comment)

Changes the comment for a table or removes it if nil.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1172
def change_table_comment(table_name, comment)
  raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing table comments"
end
column_exists?(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})

Checks to see if a column exists in a given table.

# Check a column exists
column_exists?(:suppliers, :name)

# Check a column exists of a particular type
column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string)

# Check a column exists with a specific definition
column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string, limit: 100)
column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string, default: 'default')
column_exists?(:suppliers, :name, :string, null: false)
column_exists?(:suppliers, :tax, :decimal, precision: 8, scale: 2)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 132
def column_exists?(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
  column_name = column_name.to_s
  checks = []
  checks << lambda { |c| c.name == column_name }
  checks << lambda { |c| c.type == type } if type
  column_options_keys.each do |attr|
    checks << lambda { |c| c.send(attr) == options[attr] } if options.key?(attr)
  end

  columns(table_name).any? { |c| checks.all? { |check| check[c] } }
end
column_options_keys()
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1186
def column_options_keys
  [:limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :collation, :comment]
end
columns(table_name)

Returns an array of Column objects for the table specified by table_name.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 111
def columns(table_name)
  table_name = table_name.to_s
  column_definitions(table_name).map do |field|
    new_column_from_field(table_name, field)
  end
end
create_alter_table(name)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1282
def create_alter_table(name)
  AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name)
end
create_join_table(table_1, table_2, column_options: {}, **options)

Creates a new join table with the name created using the lexical order of the first two arguments. These arguments can be a String or a Symbol.

# Creates a table called 'assemblies_parts' with no id.
create_join_table(:assemblies, :parts)

You can pass an options hash which can include the following keys:

:table_name

Sets the table name, overriding the default.

:column_options

Any extra options you want appended to the columns definition.

:options

Any extra options you want appended to the table definition.

:temporary

Make a temporary table.

:force

Set to true to drop the table before creating it. Defaults to false.

Note that create_join_table does not create any indices by default; you can use its block form to do so yourself:

create_join_table :products, :categories do |t|
  t.index :product_id
  t.index :category_id
end
Add a backend specific option to the generated SQL (MySQL)
create_join_table(:assemblies, :parts, options: 'ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8')

generates:

CREATE TABLE assemblies_parts (
  assembly_id bigint NOT NULL,
  part_id bigint NOT NULL,
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 368
def create_join_table(table_1, table_2, column_options: {}, **options)
  join_table_name = find_join_table_name(table_1, table_2, options)

  column_options.reverse_merge!(null: false, index: false)

  t1_ref, t2_ref = [table_1, table_2].map { |t| t.to_s.singularize }

  create_table(join_table_name, options.merge!(id: false)) do |td|
    td.references t1_ref, column_options
    td.references t2_ref, column_options
    yield td if block_given?
  end
end
create_table(table_name, comment: nil, **options)

Creates a new table with the name table_name. table_name may either be a String or a Symbol.

There are two ways to work with create_table. You can use the block form or the regular form, like this:

Block form

# create_table() passes a TableDefinition object to the block.
# This form will not only create the table, but also columns for the
# table.

create_table(:suppliers) do |t|
  t.column :name, :string, limit: 60
  # Other fields here
end

Block form, with shorthand

# You can also use the column types as method calls, rather than calling the column method.
create_table(:suppliers) do |t|
  t.string :name, limit: 60
  # Other fields here
end

Regular form

# Creates a table called 'suppliers' with no columns.
create_table(:suppliers)
# Add a column to 'suppliers'.
add_column(:suppliers, :name, :string, {limit: 60})

The options hash can include the following keys:

:id

Whether to automatically add a primary key column. Defaults to true. Join tables for ActiveRecord::Base.has_and_belongs_to_many should set it to false.

A Symbol can be used to specify the type of the generated primary key column.

:primary_key

The name of the primary key, if one is to be added automatically. Defaults to id. If :id is false, then this option is ignored.

If an array is passed, a composite primary key will be created.

Note that Active Record models will automatically detect their primary key. This can be avoided by using self.primary_key= on the model to define the key explicitly.

:options

Any extra options you want appended to the table definition.

:temporary

Make a temporary table.

:force

Set to true to drop the table before creating it. Set to :cascade to drop dependent objects as well. Defaults to false.

:as

SQL to use to generate the table. When this option is used, the block is ignored, as are the :id and :primary_key options.

Add a backend specific option to the generated SQL (MySQL)
create_table(:suppliers, options: 'ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8')

generates:

CREATE TABLE suppliers (
  id bigint auto_increment PRIMARY KEY
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
Rename the primary key column
create_table(:objects, primary_key: 'guid') do |t|
  t.column :name, :string, limit: 80
end

generates:

CREATE TABLE objects (
  guid bigint auto_increment PRIMARY KEY,
  name varchar(80)
)
Change the primary key column type
create_table(:tags, id: :string) do |t|
  t.column :label, :string
end

generates:

CREATE TABLE tags (
  id varchar PRIMARY KEY,
  label varchar
)
Create a composite primary key
create_table(:orders, primary_key: [:product_id, :client_id]) do |t|
  t.belongs_to :product
  t.belongs_to :client
end

generates:

CREATE TABLE order (
    product_id bigint NOT NULL,
    client_id bigint NOT NULL
);

ALTER TABLE ONLY "orders"
  ADD CONSTRAINT orders_pkey PRIMARY KEY (product_id, client_id);
Do not add a primary key column
create_table(:categories_suppliers, id: false) do |t|
  t.column :category_id, :bigint
  t.column :supplier_id, :bigint
end

generates:

CREATE TABLE categories_suppliers (
  category_id bigint,
  supplier_id bigint
)
Create a temporary table based on a query
create_table(:long_query, temporary: true,
  as: "SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id")

generates:

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE long_query AS
  SELECT * FROM orders INNER JOIN line_items ON order_id=orders.id

See also ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition#column for details on how to create columns.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 290
def create_table(table_name, comment: nil, **options)
  td = create_table_definition table_name, options[:temporary], options[:options], options[:as], comment: comment

  if options[:id] != false && !options[:as]
    pk = options.fetch(:primary_key) do
      Base.get_primary_key table_name.to_s.singularize
    end

    if pk.is_a?(Array)
      td.primary_keys pk
    else
      td.primary_key pk, options.fetch(:id, :primary_key), options
    end
  end

  yield td if block_given?

  if options[:force]
    drop_table(table_name, **options, if_exists: true)
  end

  result = execute schema_creation.accept td

  unless supports_indexes_in_create?
    td.indexes.each do |column_name, index_options|
      add_index(table_name, column_name, index_options)
    end
  end

  if supports_comments? && !supports_comments_in_create?
    change_table_comment(table_name, comment) if comment.present?

    td.columns.each do |column|
      change_column_comment(table_name, column.name, column.comment) if column.comment.present?
    end
  end

  result
end
create_table_definition(*args)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1278
def create_table_definition(*args)
  TableDefinition.new(*args)
end
data_source_exists?(name)

Checks to see if the data source name exists on the database.

data_source_exists?(:ebooks)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 45
def data_source_exists?(name)
  query_values(data_source_sql(name), "SCHEMA").any? if name.present?
rescue NotImplementedError
  data_sources.include?(name.to_s)
end
data_source_sql(name = nil, type: nil)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1387
def data_source_sql(name = nil, type: nil)
  raise NotImplementedError
end
data_sources()

Returns the relation names useable to back Active Record models. For most adapters this means all tables and views.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 35
def data_sources
  query_values(data_source_sql, "SCHEMA")
rescue NotImplementedError
  tables | views
end
drop_join_table(table_1, table_2, options = {})

Drops the join table specified by the given arguments. See create_join_table for details.

Although this command ignores the block if one is given, it can be helpful to provide one in a migration's change method so it can be reverted. In that case, the block will be used by create_join_table.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 388
def drop_join_table(table_1, table_2, options = {})
  join_table_name = find_join_table_name(table_1, table_2, options)
  drop_table(join_table_name)
end
drop_table(table_name, options = {})

Drops a table from the database.

:force

Set to :cascade to drop dependent objects as well. Defaults to false.

:if_exists

Set to true to only drop the table if it exists. Defaults to false.

Although this command ignores most options and the block if one is given, it can be helpful to provide these in a migration's change method so it can be reverted. In that case, options and the block will be used by create_table.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 495
def drop_table(table_name, options = {})
  execute "DROP TABLE#{' IF EXISTS' if options[:if_exists]} #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
end
extract_foreign_key_action(specifier)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1332
def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier)
  case specifier
  when "CASCADE"; :cascade
  when "SET NULL"; :nullify
  when "RESTRICT"; :restrict
  end
end
extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1348
def extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
  if default_or_changes.is_a?(Hash) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:from) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:to)
    default_or_changes[:to]
  else
    default_or_changes
  end
end
fetch_type_metadata(sql_type)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1286
def fetch_type_metadata(sql_type)
  cast_type = lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
  SqlTypeMetadata.new(
    sql_type: sql_type,
    type: cast_type.type,
    limit: cast_type.limit,
    precision: cast_type.precision,
    scale: cast_type.scale,
  )
end
foreign_key_exists?(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})

Checks to see if a foreign key exists on a table for a given foreign key definition.

# Checks to see if a foreign key exists.
foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, :branches)

# Checks to see if a foreign key on a specified column exists.
foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, column: :owner_id)

# Checks to see if a foreign key with a custom name exists.
foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, name: "special_fk_name")
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1010
def foreign_key_exists?(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
  foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table).present?
end
foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1322
    def foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
      return unless supports_foreign_keys?
      foreign_keys(from_table).detect { |fk| fk.defined_for? options_or_to_table }
    end

    def foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
      foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table) || \
        raise(ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key for #{options_or_to_table}")
    end

    def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier)
      case specifier
      when "CASCADE"; :cascade
      when "SET NULL"; :nullify
      when "RESTRICT"; :restrict
      end
    end

    def validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name, internal = false)
      max_index_length = internal ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length

      if new_name.length > max_index_length
        raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{new_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{allowed_index_name_length} characters"
      end
    end

    def extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
      if default_or_changes.is_a?(Hash) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:from) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:to)
        default_or_changes[:to]
      else
        default_or_changes
      end
    end

    def can_remove_index_by_name?(options)
      options.is_a?(Hash) && options.key?(:name) && options.except(:name, :algorithm).empty?
    end

    def add_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
      td = create_table_definition(table_name)
      cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
      schema_creation.accept(AddColumnDefinition.new(cd))
    end

    def remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
      "DROP COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)}"
    end

    def remove_columns_for_alter(table_name, *column_names)
      column_names.map { |column_name| remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name) }
    end

    def insert_versions_sql(versions)
      sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name)

      if versions.is_a?(Array)
        sql = "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES\n".dup
        sql << versions.map { |v| "(#{quote(v)})" }.join(",\n")
        sql << ";\n\n"
        sql
      else
        "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(versions)});"
      end
    end

    def data_source_sql(name = nil, type: nil)
      raise NotImplementedError
    end

    def quoted_scope(name = nil, type: nil)
      raise NotImplementedError
    end
end
foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1327
def foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
  foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table) || \
    raise(ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key for #{options_or_to_table}")
end
foreign_key_name(table_name, options)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1313
def foreign_key_name(table_name, options)
  options.fetch(:name) do
    identifier = "#{table_name}_#{options.fetch(:column)}_fk"
    hashed_identifier = Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(identifier).first(10)

    "fk_rails_#{hashed_identifier}"
  end
end
foreign_keys(table_name)

Returns an array of foreign keys for the given table. The foreign keys are represented as ForeignKeyDefinition objects.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 912
def foreign_keys(table_name)
  raise NotImplementedError, "foreign_keys is not implemented"
end
index_column_names(column_names)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1297
def index_column_names(column_names)
  if column_names.is_a?(String) && /\W/.match?(column_names)
    column_names
  else
    Array(column_names)
  end
end
index_exists?(table_name, column_name, options = {})

Checks to see if an index exists on a table for a given index definition.

# Check an index exists
index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id)

# Check an index on multiple columns exists
index_exists?(:suppliers, [:company_id, :company_type])

# Check a unique index exists
index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, unique: true)

# Check an index with a custom name exists
index_exists?(:suppliers, :company_id, name: "idx_company_id")
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 100
def index_exists?(table_name, column_name, options = {})
  column_names = Array(column_name).map(&:to_s)
  checks = []
  checks << lambda { |i| i.columns == column_names }
  checks << lambda { |i| i.unique } if options[:unique]
  checks << lambda { |i| i.name == options[:name].to_s } if options[:name]

  indexes(table_name).any? { |i| checks.all? { |check| check[i] } }
end
index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name)

Verifies the existence of an index with a given name.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 822
def index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name)
  index_name = index_name.to_s
  indexes(table_name).detect { |i| i.name == index_name }
end
index_name_for_remove(table_name, options = {})
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1222
def index_name_for_remove(table_name, options = {})
  return options[:name] if can_remove_index_by_name?(options)

  checks = []

  if options.is_a?(Hash)
    checks << lambda { |i| i.name == options[:name].to_s } if options.key?(:name)
    column_names = index_column_names(options[:column])
  else
    column_names = index_column_names(options)
  end

  if column_names.present?
    checks << lambda { |i| index_name(table_name, i.columns) == index_name(table_name, column_names) }
  end

  raise ArgumentError, "No name or columns specified" if checks.none?

  matching_indexes = indexes(table_name).select { |i| checks.all? { |check| check[i] } }

  if matching_indexes.count > 1
    raise ArgumentError, "Multiple indexes found on #{table_name} columns #{column_names}. " \
                         "Specify an index name from #{matching_indexes.map(&:name).join(', ')}"
  elsif matching_indexes.none?
    raise ArgumentError, "No indexes found on #{table_name} with the options provided."
  else
    matching_indexes.first.name
  end
end
index_name_options(column_names)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1305
def index_name_options(column_names)
  if column_names.is_a?(String) && /\W/.match?(column_names)
    column_names = column_names.scan(/\w+/).join("_")
  end

  { column: column_names }
end
indexes(table_name)

Returns an array of indexes for the given table.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 82
def indexes(table_name)
  raise NotImplementedError, "#indexes is not implemented"
end
insert_versions_sql(versions)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1374
def insert_versions_sql(versions)
  sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name)

  if versions.is_a?(Array)
    sql = "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES\n".dup
    sql << versions.map { |v| "(#{quote(v)})" }.join(",\n")
    sql << ";\n\n"
    sql
  else
    "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(versions)});"
  end
end
native_database_types()

Returns a hash of mappings from the abstract data types to the native database types. See ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::TableDefinition#column for details on the recognized abstract data types.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 15
def native_database_types
  {}
end
options_for_index_columns(options)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1197
def options_for_index_columns(options)
  if options.is_a?(Hash)
    options.symbolize_keys
  else
    Hash.new { |hash, column| hash[column] = options }
  end
end
options_include_default?(options)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1167
def options_include_default?(options)
  options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
end
primary_key(table_name)

Returns just a table's primary key

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 145
def primary_key(table_name)
  pk = primary_keys(table_name)
  pk = pk.first unless pk.size > 1
  pk
end
quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, **options)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1215
def quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, **options)
  return [column_names] if column_names.is_a?(String)

  quoted_columns = Hash[column_names.map { |name| [name.to_sym, quote_column_name(name).dup] }]
  add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, options).values
end
quoted_scope(name = nil, type: nil)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1391
def quoted_scope(name = nil, type: nil)
  raise NotImplementedError
end
remove_column(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})

Removes the column from the table definition.

remove_column(:suppliers, :qualification)

The type and options parameters will be ignored if present. It can be helpful to provide these in a migration's change method so it can be reverted. In that case, type and options will be used by add_column.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 602
def remove_column(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
  execute "ALTER TABLE #{quote_table_name(table_name)} #{remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options)}"
end
remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1366
def remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
  "DROP COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)}"
end
remove_columns(table_name, *column_names)

Removes the given columns from the table definition.

remove_columns(:suppliers, :qualification, :experience)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 588
def remove_columns(table_name, *column_names)
  raise ArgumentError.new("You must specify at least one column name. Example: remove_columns(:people, :first_name)") if column_names.empty?
  column_names.each do |column_name|
    remove_column(table_name, column_name)
  end
end
remove_columns_for_alter(table_name, *column_names)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1370
def remove_columns_for_alter(table_name, *column_names)
  column_names.map { |column_name| remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name) }
end
remove_foreign_key(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})

Removes the given foreign key from the table. Any option parameters provided will be used to re-add the foreign key in case of a migration rollback. It is recommended that you provide any options used when creating the foreign key so that the migration can be reverted properly.

Removes the foreign key on accounts.branch_id.

remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches

Removes the foreign key on accounts.owner_id.

remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id

Removes the foreign key named special_fk_name on the accounts table.

remove_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name

The options hash accepts the same keys as #add_foreign_key.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 988
    def remove_foreign_key(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
      return unless supports_foreign_keys?

      fk_name_to_delete = foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table).name

      at = create_alter_table from_table
      at.drop_foreign_key fk_name_to_delete

      execute schema_creation.accept(at)
    end

    # Checks to see if a foreign key exists on a table for a given foreign key definition.
    #
    #   # Checks to see if a foreign key exists.
    #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, :branches)
    #
    #   # Checks to see if a foreign key on a specified column exists.
    #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, column: :owner_id)
    #
    #   # Checks to see if a foreign key with a custom name exists.
    #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, name: "special_fk_name")
    #
    def foreign_key_exists?(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
      foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table).present?
    end

    def foreign_key_column_for(table_name) # :nodoc:
      prefix = Base.table_name_prefix
      suffix = Base.table_name_suffix
      name = table_name.to_s =~ /#{prefix}(.+)#{suffix}/ ? $1 : table_name.to_s
      "#{name.singularize}_id"
    end

    def foreign_key_options(from_table, to_table, options) # :nodoc:
      options = options.dup
      options[:column] ||= foreign_key_column_for(to_table)
      options[:name]   ||= foreign_key_name(from_table, options)
      options
    end

    def dump_schema_information #:nodoc:
      versions = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.all_versions
      insert_versions_sql(versions) if versions.any?
    end

    def internal_string_options_for_primary_key # :nodoc:
      { primary_key: true }
    end

    def assume_migrated_upto_version(version, migrations_paths)
      migrations_paths = Array(migrations_paths)
      version = version.to_i
      sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name)

      migrated = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.all_versions.map(&:to_i)
      versions = migration_context.migration_files.map do |file|
        migration_context.parse_migration_filename(file).first.to_i
      end

      unless migrated.include?(version)
        execute "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(version)})"
      end

      inserting = (versions - migrated).select { |v| v < version }
      if inserting.any?
        if (duplicate = inserting.detect { |v| inserting.count(v) > 1 })
          raise "Duplicate migration #{duplicate}. Please renumber your migrations to resolve the conflict."
        end
        if supports_multi_insert?
          execute insert_versions_sql(inserting)
        else
          inserting.each do |v|
            execute insert_versions_sql(v)
          end
        end
      end
    end

    def type_to_sql(type, limit: nil, precision: nil, scale: nil, **) # :nodoc:
      type = type.to_sym if type
      if native = native_database_types[type]
        column_type_sql = (native.is_a?(Hash) ? native[:name] : native).dup

        if type == :decimal # ignore limit, use precision and scale
          scale ||= native[:scale]

          if precision ||= native[:precision]
            if scale
              column_type_sql << "(#{precision},#{scale})"
            else
              column_type_sql << "(#{precision})"
            end
          elsif scale
            raise ArgumentError, "Error adding decimal column: precision cannot be empty if scale is specified"
          end

        elsif [:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :interval].include?(type) && precision ||= native[:precision]
          if (0..6) === precision
            column_type_sql << "(#{precision})"
          else
            raise(ActiveRecordError, "No #{native[:name]} type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
          end
        elsif (type != :primary_key) && (limit ||= native.is_a?(Hash) && native[:limit])
          column_type_sql << "(#{limit})"
        end

        column_type_sql
      else
        type.to_s
      end
    end

    # Given a set of columns and an ORDER BY clause, returns the columns for a SELECT DISTINCT.
    # PostgreSQL, MySQL, and Oracle override this for custom DISTINCT syntax - they
    # require the order columns appear in the SELECT.
    #
    #   columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc"])
    #
    def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) # :nodoc:
      columns
    end

    # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to +table_name+.
    # Additional options (like +:null+) are forwarded to #add_column.
    #
    #   add_timestamps(:suppliers, null: true)
    #
    def add_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
      options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?

      add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options
      add_column table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options
    end

    # Removes the timestamp columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table definition.
    #
    #  remove_timestamps(:suppliers)
    #
    def remove_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
      remove_column table_name, :updated_at
      remove_column table_name, :created_at
    end

    def update_table_definition(table_name, base) #:nodoc:
      Table.new(table_name, base)
    end

    def add_index_options(table_name, column_name, comment: nil, **options) # :nodoc:
      column_names = index_column_names(column_name)

      options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :order, :name, :where, :length, :internal, :using, :algorithm, :type, :opclass)

      index_type = options[:type].to_s if options.key?(:type)
      index_type ||= options[:unique] ? "UNIQUE" : ""
      index_name = options[:name].to_s if options.key?(:name)
      index_name ||= index_name(table_name, column_names)

      if options.key?(:algorithm)
        algorithm = index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) {
          raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
        }
      end

      using = "USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using].present?

      if supports_partial_index?
        index_options = options[:where] ? " WHERE #{options[:where]}" : ""
      end

      validate_index_length!(table_name, index_name, options.fetch(:internal, false))

      if data_source_exists?(table_name) && index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name)
        raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' already exists"
      end
      index_columns = quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options).join(", ")

      [index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, algorithm, using, comment]
    end

    def options_include_default?(options)
      options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
    end

    # Changes the comment for a table or removes it if +nil+.
    def change_table_comment(table_name, comment)
      raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing table comments"
    end

    # Changes the comment for a column or removes it if +nil+.
    def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment)
      raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing column comments"
    end

    def create_schema_dumper(options) # :nodoc:
      SchemaDumper.create(self, options)
    end

    private
      def column_options_keys
        [:limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :collation, :comment]
      end

      def add_index_sort_order(quoted_columns, **options)
        orders = options_for_index_columns(options[:order])
        quoted_columns.each do |name, column|
          column << " #{orders[name].upcase}" if orders[name].present?
        end
      end

      def options_for_index_columns(options)
        if options.is_a?(Hash)
          options.symbolize_keys
        else
          Hash.new { |hash, column| hash[column] = options }
        end
      end

      # Overridden by the MySQL adapter for supporting index lengths and by
      # the PostgreSQL adapter for supporting operator classes.
      def add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, **options)
        if supports_index_sort_order?
          quoted_columns = add_index_sort_order(quoted_columns, options)
        end

        quoted_columns
      end

      def quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, **options)
        return [column_names] if column_names.is_a?(String)

        quoted_columns = Hash[column_names.map { |name| [name.to_sym, quote_column_name(name).dup] }]
        add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, options).values
      end

      def index_name_for_remove(table_name, options = {})
        return options[:name] if can_remove_index_by_name?(options)

        checks = []

        if options.is_a?(Hash)
          checks << lambda { |i| i.name == options[:name].to_s } if options.key?(:name)
          column_names = index_column_names(options[:column])
        else
          column_names = index_column_names(options)
        end

        if column_names.present?
          checks << lambda { |i| index_name(table_name, i.columns) == index_name(table_name, column_names) }
        end

        raise ArgumentError, "No name or columns specified" if checks.none?

        matching_indexes = indexes(table_name).select { |i| checks.all? { |check| check[i] } }

        if matching_indexes.count > 1
          raise ArgumentError, "Multiple indexes found on #{table_name} columns #{column_names}. " \
                               "Specify an index name from #{matching_indexes.map(&:name).join(', ')}"
        elsif matching_indexes.none?
          raise ArgumentError, "No indexes found on #{table_name} with the options provided."
        else
          matching_indexes.first.name
        end
      end

      def rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
        indexes(new_name).each do |index|
          generated_index_name = index_name(table_name, column: index.columns)
          if generated_index_name == index.name
            rename_index new_name, generated_index_name, index_name(new_name, column: index.columns)
          end
        end
      end

      def rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
        column_name, new_column_name = column_name.to_s, new_column_name.to_s
        indexes(table_name).each do |index|
          next unless index.columns.include?(new_column_name)
          old_columns = index.columns.dup
          old_columns[old_columns.index(new_column_name)] = column_name
          generated_index_name = index_name(table_name, column: old_columns)
          if generated_index_name == index.name
            rename_index table_name, generated_index_name, index_name(table_name, column: index.columns)
          end
        end
      end

      def schema_creation
        SchemaCreation.new(self)
      end

      def create_table_definition(*args)
        TableDefinition.new(*args)
      end

      def create_alter_table(name)
        AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name)
      end

      def fetch_type_metadata(sql_type)
        cast_type = lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
        SqlTypeMetadata.new(
          sql_type: sql_type,
          type: cast_type.type,
          limit: cast_type.limit,
          precision: cast_type.precision,
          scale: cast_type.scale,
        )
      end

      def index_column_names(column_names)
        if column_names.is_a?(String) && /\W/.match?(column_names)
          column_names
        else
          Array(column_names)
        end
      end

      def index_name_options(column_names)
        if column_names.is_a?(String) && /\W/.match?(column_names)
          column_names = column_names.scan(/\w+/).join("_")
        end

        { column: column_names }
      end

      def foreign_key_name(table_name, options)
        options.fetch(:name) do
          identifier = "#{table_name}_#{options.fetch(:column)}_fk"
          hashed_identifier = Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(identifier).first(10)

          "fk_rails_#{hashed_identifier}"
        end
      end

      def foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
        return unless supports_foreign_keys?
        foreign_keys(from_table).detect { |fk| fk.defined_for? options_or_to_table }
      end

      def foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
        foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table) || \
          raise(ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key for #{options_or_to_table}")
      end

      def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier)
        case specifier
        when "CASCADE"; :cascade
        when "SET NULL"; :nullify
        when "RESTRICT"; :restrict
        end
      end

      def validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name, internal = false)
        max_index_length = internal ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length

        if new_name.length > max_index_length
          raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{new_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{allowed_index_name_length} characters"
        end
      end

      def extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
        if default_or_changes.is_a?(Hash) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:from) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:to)
          default_or_changes[:to]
        else
          default_or_changes
        end
      end

      def can_remove_index_by_name?(options)
        options.is_a?(Hash) && options.key?(:name) && options.except(:name, :algorithm).empty?
      end

      def add_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
        td = create_table_definition(table_name)
        cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
        schema_creation.accept(AddColumnDefinition.new(cd))
      end

      def remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
        "DROP COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)}"
      end

      def remove_columns_for_alter(table_name, *column_names)
        column_names.map { |column_name| remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name) }
      end

      def insert_versions_sql(versions)
        sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name)

        if versions.is_a?(Array)
          sql = "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES\n".dup
          sql << versions.map { |v| "(#{quote(v)})" }.join(",\n")
          sql << ";\n\n"
          sql
        else
          "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(versions)});"
        end
      end

      def data_source_sql(name = nil, type: nil)
        raise NotImplementedError
      end

      def quoted_scope(name = nil, type: nil)
        raise NotImplementedError
      end
  end
end
remove_index(table_name, options = {})

Removes the given index from the table.

Removes the index on branch_id in the accounts table if exactly one such index exists.

remove_index :accounts, :branch_id

Removes the index on branch_id in the accounts table if exactly one such index exists.

remove_index :accounts, column: :branch_id

Removes the index on branch_id and party_id in the accounts table if exactly one such index exists.

remove_index :accounts, column: [:branch_id, :party_id]

Removes the index named by_branch_party in the accounts table.

remove_index :accounts, name: :by_branch_party
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 786
def remove_index(table_name, options = {})
  index_name = index_name_for_remove(table_name, options)
  execute "DROP INDEX #{quote_column_name(index_name)} ON #{quote_table_name(table_name)}"
end
remove_reference(table_name, ref_name, foreign_key: false, polymorphic: false, **options)

Removes the reference(s). Also removes a type column if one exists. remove_reference and remove_belongs_to are acceptable.

Remove the reference
remove_reference(:products, :user, index: true)
Remove polymorphic reference
remove_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
Remove the reference with a foreign key
remove_reference(:products, :user, index: true, foreign_key: true)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 893
def remove_reference(table_name, ref_name, foreign_key: false, polymorphic: false, **options)
  if foreign_key
    reference_name = Base.pluralize_table_names ? ref_name.to_s.pluralize : ref_name
    if foreign_key.is_a?(Hash)
      foreign_key_options = foreign_key
    else
      foreign_key_options = { to_table: reference_name }
    end
    foreign_key_options[:column] ||= "#{ref_name}_id"
    remove_foreign_key(table_name, **foreign_key_options)
  end

  remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id")
  remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_type") if polymorphic
end
remove_timestamps(table_name, options = {})

Removes the timestamp columns (created_at and updated_at) from the table definition.

remove_timestamps(:suppliers)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1126
def remove_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
  remove_column table_name, :updated_at
  remove_column table_name, :created_at
end
rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)

Renames a column.

rename_column(:suppliers, :description, :name)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 658
def rename_column(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
  raise NotImplementedError, "rename_column is not implemented"
end
rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1261
def rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
  column_name, new_column_name = column_name.to_s, new_column_name.to_s
  indexes(table_name).each do |index|
    next unless index.columns.include?(new_column_name)
    old_columns = index.columns.dup
    old_columns[old_columns.index(new_column_name)] = column_name
    generated_index_name = index_name(table_name, column: old_columns)
    if generated_index_name == index.name
      rename_index table_name, generated_index_name, index_name(table_name, column: index.columns)
    end
  end
end
rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)

Renames an index.

Rename the index_people_on_last_name index to index_users_on_last_name:

rename_index :people, 'index_people_on_last_name', 'index_users_on_last_name'
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 797
    def rename_index(table_name, old_name, new_name)
      validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name)

      # this is a naive implementation; some DBs may support this more efficiently (PostgreSQL, for instance)
      old_index_def = indexes(table_name).detect { |i| i.name == old_name }
      return unless old_index_def
      add_index(table_name, old_index_def.columns, name: new_name, unique: old_index_def.unique)
      remove_index(table_name, name: old_name)
    end

    def index_name(table_name, options) #:nodoc:
      if Hash === options
        if options[:column]
          "index_#{table_name}_on_#{Array(options[:column]) * '_and_'}"
        elsif options[:name]
          options[:name]
        else
          raise ArgumentError, "You must specify the index name"
        end
      else
        index_name(table_name, index_name_options(options))
      end
    end

    # Verifies the existence of an index with a given name.
    def index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name)
      index_name = index_name.to_s
      indexes(table_name).detect { |i| i.name == index_name }
    end

    # Adds a reference. The reference column is a bigint by default,
    # the <tt>:type</tt> option can be used to specify a different type.
    # Optionally adds a +_type+ column, if <tt>:polymorphic</tt> option is provided.
    # #add_reference and #add_belongs_to are acceptable.
    #
    # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
    # [<tt>:type</tt>]
    #   The reference column type. Defaults to +:bigint+.
    # [<tt>:index</tt>]
    #   Add an appropriate index. Defaults to true.
    #   See #add_index for usage of this option.
    # [<tt>:foreign_key</tt>]
    #   Add an appropriate foreign key constraint. Defaults to false.
    # [<tt>:polymorphic</tt>]
    #   Whether an additional +_type+ column should be added. Defaults to false.
    # [<tt>:null</tt>]
    #   Whether the column allows nulls. Defaults to true.
    #
    # ====== Create a user_id bigint column
    #
    #   add_reference(:products, :user)
    #
    # ====== Create a user_id string column
    #
    #   add_reference(:products, :user, type: :string)
    #
    # ====== Create supplier_id, supplier_type columns and appropriate index
    #
    #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true, index: true)
    #
    # ====== Create a supplier_id column with a unique index
    #
    #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, index: { unique: true })
    #
    # ====== Create a supplier_id column with a named index
    #
    #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, index: { name: "my_supplier_index" })
    #
    # ====== Create a supplier_id column and appropriate foreign key
    #
    #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, foreign_key: true)
    #
    # ====== Create a supplier_id column and a foreign key to the firms table
    #
    #   add_reference(:products, :supplier, foreign_key: {to_table: :firms})
    #
    def add_reference(table_name, ref_name, **options)
      ReferenceDefinition.new(ref_name, options).add_to(update_table_definition(table_name, self))
    end
    alias :add_belongs_to :add_reference

    # Removes the reference(s). Also removes a +type+ column if one exists.
    # #remove_reference and #remove_belongs_to are acceptable.
    #
    # ====== Remove the reference
    #
    #   remove_reference(:products, :user, index: true)
    #
    # ====== Remove polymorphic reference
    #
    #   remove_reference(:products, :supplier, polymorphic: true)
    #
    # ====== Remove the reference with a foreign key
    #
    #   remove_reference(:products, :user, index: true, foreign_key: true)
    #
    def remove_reference(table_name, ref_name, foreign_key: false, polymorphic: false, **options)
      if foreign_key
        reference_name = Base.pluralize_table_names ? ref_name.to_s.pluralize : ref_name
        if foreign_key.is_a?(Hash)
          foreign_key_options = foreign_key
        else
          foreign_key_options = { to_table: reference_name }
        end
        foreign_key_options[:column] ||= "#{ref_name}_id"
        remove_foreign_key(table_name, **foreign_key_options)
      end

      remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_id")
      remove_column(table_name, "#{ref_name}_type") if polymorphic
    end
    alias :remove_belongs_to :remove_reference

    # Returns an array of foreign keys for the given table.
    # The foreign keys are represented as ForeignKeyDefinition objects.
    def foreign_keys(table_name)
      raise NotImplementedError, "foreign_keys is not implemented"
    end

    # Adds a new foreign key. +from_table+ is the table with the key column,
    # +to_table+ contains the referenced primary key.
    #
    # The foreign key will be named after the following pattern: <tt>fk_rails_<identifier></tt>.
    # +identifier+ is a 10 character long string which is deterministically generated from the
    # +from_table+ and +column+. A custom name can be specified with the <tt>:name</tt> option.
    #
    # ====== Creating a simple foreign key
    #
    #   add_foreign_key :articles, :authors
    #
    # generates:
    #
    #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_e74ce85cbc FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id")
    #
    # ====== Creating a foreign key on a specific column
    #
    #   add_foreign_key :articles, :users, column: :author_id, primary_key: "lng_id"
    #
    # generates:
    #
    #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_58ca3d3a82 FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "users" ("lng_id")
    #
    # ====== Creating a cascading foreign key
    #
    #   add_foreign_key :articles, :authors, on_delete: :cascade
    #
    # generates:
    #
    #   ALTER TABLE "articles" ADD CONSTRAINT fk_rails_e74ce85cbc FOREIGN KEY ("author_id") REFERENCES "authors" ("id") ON DELETE CASCADE
    #
    # The +options+ hash can include the following keys:
    # [<tt>:column</tt>]
    #   The foreign key column name on +from_table+. Defaults to <tt>to_table.singularize + "_id"</tt>
    # [<tt>:primary_key</tt>]
    #   The primary key column name on +to_table+. Defaults to +id+.
    # [<tt>:name</tt>]
    #   The constraint name. Defaults to <tt>fk_rails_<identifier></tt>.
    # [<tt>:on_delete</tt>]
    #   Action that happens <tt>ON DELETE</tt>. Valid values are +:nullify+, +:cascade+ and +:restrict+
    # [<tt>:on_update</tt>]
    #   Action that happens <tt>ON UPDATE</tt>. Valid values are +:nullify+, +:cascade+ and +:restrict+
    # [<tt>:validate</tt>]
    #   (Postgres only) Specify whether or not the constraint should be validated. Defaults to +true+.
    def add_foreign_key(from_table, to_table, options = {})
      return unless supports_foreign_keys?

      options = foreign_key_options(from_table, to_table, options)
      at = create_alter_table from_table
      at.add_foreign_key to_table, options

      execute schema_creation.accept(at)
    end

    # Removes the given foreign key from the table. Any option parameters provided
    # will be used to re-add the foreign key in case of a migration rollback.
    # It is recommended that you provide any options used when creating the foreign
    # key so that the migration can be reverted properly.
    #
    # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.branch_id+.
    #
    #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, :branches
    #
    # Removes the foreign key on +accounts.owner_id+.
    #
    #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, column: :owner_id
    #
    # Removes the foreign key named +special_fk_name+ on the +accounts+ table.
    #
    #   remove_foreign_key :accounts, name: :special_fk_name
    #
    # The +options+ hash accepts the same keys as SchemaStatements#add_foreign_key.
    def remove_foreign_key(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
      return unless supports_foreign_keys?

      fk_name_to_delete = foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table).name

      at = create_alter_table from_table
      at.drop_foreign_key fk_name_to_delete

      execute schema_creation.accept(at)
    end

    # Checks to see if a foreign key exists on a table for a given foreign key definition.
    #
    #   # Checks to see if a foreign key exists.
    #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, :branches)
    #
    #   # Checks to see if a foreign key on a specified column exists.
    #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, column: :owner_id)
    #
    #   # Checks to see if a foreign key with a custom name exists.
    #   foreign_key_exists?(:accounts, name: "special_fk_name")
    #
    def foreign_key_exists?(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
      foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table).present?
    end

    def foreign_key_column_for(table_name) # :nodoc:
      prefix = Base.table_name_prefix
      suffix = Base.table_name_suffix
      name = table_name.to_s =~ /#{prefix}(.+)#{suffix}/ ? $1 : table_name.to_s
      "#{name.singularize}_id"
    end

    def foreign_key_options(from_table, to_table, options) # :nodoc:
      options = options.dup
      options[:column] ||= foreign_key_column_for(to_table)
      options[:name]   ||= foreign_key_name(from_table, options)
      options
    end

    def dump_schema_information #:nodoc:
      versions = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.all_versions
      insert_versions_sql(versions) if versions.any?
    end

    def internal_string_options_for_primary_key # :nodoc:
      { primary_key: true }
    end

    def assume_migrated_upto_version(version, migrations_paths)
      migrations_paths = Array(migrations_paths)
      version = version.to_i
      sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name)

      migrated = ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.all_versions.map(&:to_i)
      versions = migration_context.migration_files.map do |file|
        migration_context.parse_migration_filename(file).first.to_i
      end

      unless migrated.include?(version)
        execute "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(version)})"
      end

      inserting = (versions - migrated).select { |v| v < version }
      if inserting.any?
        if (duplicate = inserting.detect { |v| inserting.count(v) > 1 })
          raise "Duplicate migration #{duplicate}. Please renumber your migrations to resolve the conflict."
        end
        if supports_multi_insert?
          execute insert_versions_sql(inserting)
        else
          inserting.each do |v|
            execute insert_versions_sql(v)
          end
        end
      end
    end

    def type_to_sql(type, limit: nil, precision: nil, scale: nil, **) # :nodoc:
      type = type.to_sym if type
      if native = native_database_types[type]
        column_type_sql = (native.is_a?(Hash) ? native[:name] : native).dup

        if type == :decimal # ignore limit, use precision and scale
          scale ||= native[:scale]

          if precision ||= native[:precision]
            if scale
              column_type_sql << "(#{precision},#{scale})"
            else
              column_type_sql << "(#{precision})"
            end
          elsif scale
            raise ArgumentError, "Error adding decimal column: precision cannot be empty if scale is specified"
          end

        elsif [:datetime, :timestamp, :time, :interval].include?(type) && precision ||= native[:precision]
          if (0..6) === precision
            column_type_sql << "(#{precision})"
          else
            raise(ActiveRecordError, "No #{native[:name]} type has precision of #{precision}. The allowed range of precision is from 0 to 6")
          end
        elsif (type != :primary_key) && (limit ||= native.is_a?(Hash) && native[:limit])
          column_type_sql << "(#{limit})"
        end

        column_type_sql
      else
        type.to_s
      end
    end

    # Given a set of columns and an ORDER BY clause, returns the columns for a SELECT DISTINCT.
    # PostgreSQL, MySQL, and Oracle override this for custom DISTINCT syntax - they
    # require the order columns appear in the SELECT.
    #
    #   columns_for_distinct("posts.id", ["posts.created_at desc"])
    #
    def columns_for_distinct(columns, orders) # :nodoc:
      columns
    end

    # Adds timestamps (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) columns to +table_name+.
    # Additional options (like +:null+) are forwarded to #add_column.
    #
    #   add_timestamps(:suppliers, null: true)
    #
    def add_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
      options[:null] = false if options[:null].nil?

      add_column table_name, :created_at, :datetime, options
      add_column table_name, :updated_at, :datetime, options
    end

    # Removes the timestamp columns (+created_at+ and +updated_at+) from the table definition.
    #
    #  remove_timestamps(:suppliers)
    #
    def remove_timestamps(table_name, options = {})
      remove_column table_name, :updated_at
      remove_column table_name, :created_at
    end

    def update_table_definition(table_name, base) #:nodoc:
      Table.new(table_name, base)
    end

    def add_index_options(table_name, column_name, comment: nil, **options) # :nodoc:
      column_names = index_column_names(column_name)

      options.assert_valid_keys(:unique, :order, :name, :where, :length, :internal, :using, :algorithm, :type, :opclass)

      index_type = options[:type].to_s if options.key?(:type)
      index_type ||= options[:unique] ? "UNIQUE" : ""
      index_name = options[:name].to_s if options.key?(:name)
      index_name ||= index_name(table_name, column_names)

      if options.key?(:algorithm)
        algorithm = index_algorithms.fetch(options[:algorithm]) {
          raise ArgumentError.new("Algorithm must be one of the following: #{index_algorithms.keys.map(&:inspect).join(', ')}")
        }
      end

      using = "USING #{options[:using]}" if options[:using].present?

      if supports_partial_index?
        index_options = options[:where] ? " WHERE #{options[:where]}" : ""
      end

      validate_index_length!(table_name, index_name, options.fetch(:internal, false))

      if data_source_exists?(table_name) && index_name_exists?(table_name, index_name)
        raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{index_name}' on table '#{table_name}' already exists"
      end
      index_columns = quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, options).join(", ")

      [index_name, index_type, index_columns, index_options, algorithm, using, comment]
    end

    def options_include_default?(options)
      options.include?(:default) && !(options[:null] == false && options[:default].nil?)
    end

    # Changes the comment for a table or removes it if +nil+.
    def change_table_comment(table_name, comment)
      raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing table comments"
    end

    # Changes the comment for a column or removes it if +nil+.
    def change_column_comment(table_name, column_name, comment)
      raise NotImplementedError, "#{self.class} does not support changing column comments"
    end

    def create_schema_dumper(options) # :nodoc:
      SchemaDumper.create(self, options)
    end

    private
      def column_options_keys
        [:limit, :precision, :scale, :default, :null, :collation, :comment]
      end

      def add_index_sort_order(quoted_columns, **options)
        orders = options_for_index_columns(options[:order])
        quoted_columns.each do |name, column|
          column << " #{orders[name].upcase}" if orders[name].present?
        end
      end

      def options_for_index_columns(options)
        if options.is_a?(Hash)
          options.symbolize_keys
        else
          Hash.new { |hash, column| hash[column] = options }
        end
      end

      # Overridden by the MySQL adapter for supporting index lengths and by
      # the PostgreSQL adapter for supporting operator classes.
      def add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, **options)
        if supports_index_sort_order?
          quoted_columns = add_index_sort_order(quoted_columns, options)
        end

        quoted_columns
      end

      def quoted_columns_for_index(column_names, **options)
        return [column_names] if column_names.is_a?(String)

        quoted_columns = Hash[column_names.map { |name| [name.to_sym, quote_column_name(name).dup] }]
        add_options_for_index_columns(quoted_columns, options).values
      end

      def index_name_for_remove(table_name, options = {})
        return options[:name] if can_remove_index_by_name?(options)

        checks = []

        if options.is_a?(Hash)
          checks << lambda { |i| i.name == options[:name].to_s } if options.key?(:name)
          column_names = index_column_names(options[:column])
        else
          column_names = index_column_names(options)
        end

        if column_names.present?
          checks << lambda { |i| index_name(table_name, i.columns) == index_name(table_name, column_names) }
        end

        raise ArgumentError, "No name or columns specified" if checks.none?

        matching_indexes = indexes(table_name).select { |i| checks.all? { |check| check[i] } }

        if matching_indexes.count > 1
          raise ArgumentError, "Multiple indexes found on #{table_name} columns #{column_names}. " \
                               "Specify an index name from #{matching_indexes.map(&:name).join(', ')}"
        elsif matching_indexes.none?
          raise ArgumentError, "No indexes found on #{table_name} with the options provided."
        else
          matching_indexes.first.name
        end
      end

      def rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
        indexes(new_name).each do |index|
          generated_index_name = index_name(table_name, column: index.columns)
          if generated_index_name == index.name
            rename_index new_name, generated_index_name, index_name(new_name, column: index.columns)
          end
        end
      end

      def rename_column_indexes(table_name, column_name, new_column_name)
        column_name, new_column_name = column_name.to_s, new_column_name.to_s
        indexes(table_name).each do |index|
          next unless index.columns.include?(new_column_name)
          old_columns = index.columns.dup
          old_columns[old_columns.index(new_column_name)] = column_name
          generated_index_name = index_name(table_name, column: old_columns)
          if generated_index_name == index.name
            rename_index table_name, generated_index_name, index_name(table_name, column: index.columns)
          end
        end
      end

      def schema_creation
        SchemaCreation.new(self)
      end

      def create_table_definition(*args)
        TableDefinition.new(*args)
      end

      def create_alter_table(name)
        AlterTable.new create_table_definition(name)
      end

      def fetch_type_metadata(sql_type)
        cast_type = lookup_cast_type(sql_type)
        SqlTypeMetadata.new(
          sql_type: sql_type,
          type: cast_type.type,
          limit: cast_type.limit,
          precision: cast_type.precision,
          scale: cast_type.scale,
        )
      end

      def index_column_names(column_names)
        if column_names.is_a?(String) && /\W/.match?(column_names)
          column_names
        else
          Array(column_names)
        end
      end

      def index_name_options(column_names)
        if column_names.is_a?(String) && /\W/.match?(column_names)
          column_names = column_names.scan(/\w+/).join("_")
        end

        { column: column_names }
      end

      def foreign_key_name(table_name, options)
        options.fetch(:name) do
          identifier = "#{table_name}_#{options.fetch(:column)}_fk"
          hashed_identifier = Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(identifier).first(10)

          "fk_rails_#{hashed_identifier}"
        end
      end

      def foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
        return unless supports_foreign_keys?
        foreign_keys(from_table).detect { |fk| fk.defined_for? options_or_to_table }
      end

      def foreign_key_for!(from_table, options_or_to_table = {})
        foreign_key_for(from_table, options_or_to_table) || \
          raise(ArgumentError, "Table '#{from_table}' has no foreign key for #{options_or_to_table}")
      end

      def extract_foreign_key_action(specifier)
        case specifier
        when "CASCADE"; :cascade
        when "SET NULL"; :nullify
        when "RESTRICT"; :restrict
        end
      end

      def validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name, internal = false)
        max_index_length = internal ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length

        if new_name.length > max_index_length
          raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{new_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{allowed_index_name_length} characters"
        end
      end

      def extract_new_default_value(default_or_changes)
        if default_or_changes.is_a?(Hash) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:from) && default_or_changes.has_key?(:to)
          default_or_changes[:to]
        else
          default_or_changes
        end
      end

      def can_remove_index_by_name?(options)
        options.is_a?(Hash) && options.key?(:name) && options.except(:name, :algorithm).empty?
      end

      def add_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type, options = {})
        td = create_table_definition(table_name)
        cd = td.new_column_definition(column_name, type, options)
        schema_creation.accept(AddColumnDefinition.new(cd))
      end

      def remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name, type = nil, options = {})
        "DROP COLUMN #{quote_column_name(column_name)}"
      end

      def remove_columns_for_alter(table_name, *column_names)
        column_names.map { |column_name| remove_column_for_alter(table_name, column_name) }
      end

      def insert_versions_sql(versions)
        sm_table = quote_table_name(ActiveRecord::SchemaMigration.table_name)

        if versions.is_a?(Array)
          sql = "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES\n".dup
          sql << versions.map { |v| "(#{quote(v)})" }.join(",\n")
          sql << ";\n\n"
          sql
        else
          "INSERT INTO #{sm_table} (version) VALUES (#{quote(versions)});"
        end
      end

      def data_source_sql(name = nil, type: nil)
        raise NotImplementedError
      end

      def quoted_scope(name = nil, type: nil)
        raise NotImplementedError
      end
  end
end
rename_table(table_name, new_name)

Renames a table.

rename_table('octopuses', 'octopi')
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 479
def rename_table(table_name, new_name)
  raise NotImplementedError, "rename_table is not implemented"
end
rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1252
def rename_table_indexes(table_name, new_name)
  indexes(new_name).each do |index|
    generated_index_name = index_name(table_name, column: index.columns)
    if generated_index_name == index.name
      rename_index new_name, generated_index_name, index_name(new_name, column: index.columns)
    end
  end
end
schema_creation()
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1274
def schema_creation
  SchemaCreation.new(self)
end
table_alias_for(table_name)

Truncates a table alias according to the limits of the current adapter.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 29
def table_alias_for(table_name)
  table_name[0...table_alias_length].tr(".", "_")
end
table_comment(table_name)

Returns the table comment that's stored in database metadata.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 24
def table_comment(table_name)
  nil
end
table_exists?(table_name)

Checks to see if the table table_name exists on the database.

table_exists?(:developers)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 60
def table_exists?(table_name)
  query_values(data_source_sql(table_name, type: "BASE TABLE"), "SCHEMA").any? if table_name.present?
rescue NotImplementedError
  tables.include?(table_name.to_s)
end
table_options(table_name)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 19
def table_options(table_name)
  nil
end
tables()

Returns an array of table names defined in the database.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 52
def tables
  query_values(data_source_sql(type: "BASE TABLE"), "SCHEMA")
end
validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name, internal = false)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 1340
def validate_index_length!(table_name, new_name, internal = false)
  max_index_length = internal ? index_name_length : allowed_index_name_length

  if new_name.length > max_index_length
    raise ArgumentError, "Index name '#{new_name}' on table '#{table_name}' is too long; the limit is #{allowed_index_name_length} characters"
  end
end
view_exists?(view_name)

Checks to see if the view view_name exists on the database.

view_exists?(:ebooks)
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 75
def view_exists?(view_name)
  query_values(data_source_sql(view_name, type: "VIEW"), "SCHEMA").any? if view_name.present?
rescue NotImplementedError
  views.include?(view_name.to_s)
end
views()

Returns an array of view names defined in the database.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/schema_statements.rb, line 67
def views
  query_values(data_source_sql(type: "VIEW"), "SCHEMA")
end