Class Hash < Object

Validate all keys in a hash match *valid_keys, raising ArgumentError on a mismatch. Note that keys are NOT treated indifferently, meaning if you use strings for keys but assert symbols as keys, this will fail.

{ name: 'Rob', years: '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age) # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: :years. Valid keys are: :name, :age"
{ name: 'Rob', age: '28' }.assert_valid_keys('name', 'age') # => raises "ArgumentError: Unknown key: :name. Valid keys are: 'name', 'age'"
{ name: 'Rob', age: '28' }.assert_valid_keys(:name, :age)   # => passes, raises nothing

Returns a hash with non nil values.

hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
hash.compact # => { a: true, b: false}
hash # => { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
{ c: nil }.compact # => {}

Replaces current hash with non nil values.

hash = { a: true, b: false, c: nil}
hash.compact! # => { a: true, b: false}
hash # => { a: true, b: false}

Returns a deep copy of hash.

hash = { a: { b: 'b' } }
dup  = hash.deep_dup
dup[:a][:c] = 'c'

hash[:a][:c] # => nil
dup[:a][:c]  # => "c"

Returns a new hash with self and other_hash merged recursively.

h1 = { x: { y: [4, 5, 6] }, z: [7, 8, 9] }
h2 = { x: { y: [7, 8, 9] }, z: 'xyz' }

h1.deep_merge(h2) # => {x: {y: [7, 8, 9]}, z: "xyz"}
h2.deep_merge(h1) # => {x: {y: [4, 5, 6]}, z: [7, 8, 9]}
h1.deep_merge(h2) { |key, old, new| Array.wrap(old) + Array.wrap(new) }
# => {:x=>{:y=>[4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]}, :z=>[7, 8, 9, "xyz"]}

Same as deep_merge, but modifies self.

Returns a new hash with all keys converted to strings. This includes the keys from the root hash and from all nested hashes.

hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }

hash.deep_stringify_keys
# => {"person"=>{"name"=>"Rob", "age"=>"28"}}

Destructively convert all keys to strings. This includes the keys from the root hash and from all nested hashes.

Returns a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as they respond to to_sym. This includes the keys from the root hash and from all nested hashes.

hash = { 'person' => { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' } }

hash.deep_symbolize_keys
# => {:person=>{:name=>"Rob", :age=>"28"}}

Destructively convert all keys to symbols, as long as they respond to to_sym. This includes the keys from the root hash and from all nested hashes.

Returns a new hash with all keys converted by the block operation. This includes the keys from the root hash and from all nested hashes.

hash = { person: { name: 'Rob', age: '28' } }

hash.deep_transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
# => {"PERSON"=>{"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}}

Destructively convert all keys by using the block operation. This includes the keys from the root hash and from all nested hashes.

Returns a hash that includes everything but the given keys. This is useful for limiting a set of parameters to everything but a few known toggles:

@person.update(params[:person].except(:admin))

Replaces the hash without the given keys.

Removes and returns the key/value pairs matching the given keys.

{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 }.extract!(:a, :b) # => {:a=>1, :b=>2}
{ a: 1, b: 2 }.extract!(:a, :x)             # => {:a=>1}

By default, only instances of Hash itself are extractable. Subclasses of Hash may implement this method and return true to declare themselves as extractable. If a Hash is extractable, Array#extract_options! pops it from the Array when it is the last element of the Array.

Builds a Hash from XML just like Hash.from_xml, but also allows Symbol and YAML.

Returns a Hash containing a collection of pairs when the key is the node name and the value is its content

xml = <<-XML
  <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <hash>
      <foo type="integer">1</foo>
      <bar type="integer">2</bar>
    </hash>
XML

hash = Hash.from_xml(xml)
# => {"hash"=>{"foo"=>1, "bar"=>2}}

DisallowedType is raised if the XML contains attributes with type="yaml" or type="symbol". Use Hash.from_trusted_xml to parse this XML.

Called when object is nested under an object that receives with_indifferent_access. This method will be called on the current object by the enclosing object and is aliased to with_indifferent_access by default. Subclasses of Hash may overwrite this method to return self if converting to an ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess would not be desirable.

b = { b: 1 }
{ a: b }.with_indifferent_access['a'] # calls b.nested_under_indifferent_access
# => {"b"=>32}

Merges the caller into other_hash. For example,

options = options.reverse_merge(size: 25, velocity: 10)

is equivalent to

options = { size: 25, velocity: 10 }.merge(options)

This is particularly useful for initializing an options hash with default values.

Destructive reverse_merge.

Slice a hash to include only the given keys. This is useful for limiting an options hash to valid keys before passing to a method:

def search(criteria = {})
  criteria.assert_valid_keys(:mass, :velocity, :time)
end

search(options.slice(:mass, :velocity, :time))

If you have an array of keys you want to limit to, you should splat them:

valid_keys = [:mass, :velocity, :time]
search(options.slice(*valid_keys))

Replaces the hash with only the given keys. Returns a hash containing the removed key/value pairs.

{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 }.slice!(:a, :b)
# => {:c=>3, :d=>4}

Returns a new hash with all keys converted to strings.

hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }

hash.stringify_keys
# => { "name" => "Rob", "age" => "28" }

Destructively convert all keys to strings. Same as stringify_keys, but modifies self.

Returns a new hash with all keys converted to symbols, as long as they respond to to_sym.

hash = { 'name' => 'Rob', 'age' => '28' }

hash.symbolize_keys
# => { name: "Rob", age: "28" }

Destructively convert all keys to symbols, as long as they respond to to_sym. Same as symbolize_keys, but modifies self.

Returns a string representation of the receiver suitable for use as a URL query string:

{name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_param
# => "name=David&nationality=Danish"

An optional namespace can be passed to enclose the param names:

{name: 'David', nationality: 'Danish'}.to_param('user')
# => "user[name]=David&user[nationality]=Danish"

The string pairs “key=value” that conform the query string are sorted lexicographically in ascending order.

This method is also aliased as to_query.

Returns a string containing an XML representation of its receiver:

{ foo: 1, bar: 2 }.to_xml
# =>
# <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
# <hash>
#   <foo type="integer">1</foo>
#   <bar type="integer">2</bar>
# </hash>

To do so, the method loops over the pairs and builds nodes that depend on the values. Given a pair key, value:

• If value is a hash there's a recursive call with key as :root.

• If value is an array there's a recursive call with key as :root, and key singularized as :children.

• If value is a callable object it must expect one or two arguments. Depending on the arity, the callable is invoked with the options hash as first argument with key as :root, and key singularized as second argument. The callable can add nodes by using options[:builder].

  'foo'.to_xml(lambda { |options, key| options[:builder].b(key) })
  # => "<b>foo</b>"
  

• If value responds to to_xml the method is invoked with key as :root.

  class Foo
    def to_xml(options)
      options[:builder].bar 'fooing!'
    end
  end
  
  { foo: Foo.new }.to_xml(skip_instruct: true)
  # =>
  # <hash>
  #   <bar>fooing!</bar>
  # </hash>
  

• Otherwise, a node with key as tag is created with a string representation of value as text node. If value is nil an attribute “nil” set to “true” is added. Unless the option :skip_types exists and is true, an attribute “type” is added as well according to the following mapping:

  XML_TYPE_NAMES = {
    "Symbol"     => "symbol",
    "Fixnum"     => "integer",
    "Bignum"     => "integer",
    "BigDecimal" => "decimal",
    "Float"      => "float",
    "TrueClass"  => "boolean",
    "FalseClass" => "boolean",
    "Date"       => "date",
    "DateTime"   => "dateTime",
    "Time"       => "dateTime"
  }
  

By default the root node is “hash”, but that's configurable via the :root option.

The default XML builder is a fresh instance of Builder::XmlMarkup. You can configure your own builder with the :builder option. The method also accepts options like :dasherize and friends, they are forwarded to the builder.

Returns a new hash with all keys converted using the block operation.

hash = { name: 'Rob', age: '28' }

hash.transform_keys{ |key| key.to_s.upcase }
# => {"NAME"=>"Rob", "AGE"=>"28"}

Destructively convert all keys using the block operations. Same as #transform_keys but modifies self.

Returns an ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess out of its receiver:

{ a: 1 }.with_indifferent_access['a'] # => 1