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Instance Public methods

average(column_name)

Calculates the average value on a given column. Returns nil if there's no row. See calculate for examples with options.

Person.average(:age) # => 35.8
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb, line 100
def average(column_name)
  calculate(:average, column_name)
end

calculate(operation, column_name)

This calculates aggregate values in the given column. Methods for count, sum, average, minimum, and maximum have been added as shortcuts.

Person.calculate(:count, :all) # The same as Person.count
Person.average(:age) # SELECT AVG(age) FROM people...

# Selects the minimum age for any family without any minors
Person.group(:last_name).having("min(age) > 17").minimum(:age)

Person.sum("2 * age")

There are two basic forms of output:

  • Single aggregate value: The single value is type cast to Integer for COUNT, Float for AVG, and the given column's type for everything else.

  • Grouped values: This returns an ordered hash of the values and groups them. It takes either a column name, or the name of a belongs_to association.

    values = Person.group('last_name').maximum(:age)
    puts values["Drake"]
    # => 43
    
    drake  = Family.find_by(last_name: 'Drake')
    values = Person.group(:family).maximum(:age) # Person belongs_to :family
    puts values[drake]
    # => 43
    
    values.each do |family, max_age|
      ...
    end
    
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb, line 179
def calculate(operation, column_name)
  if has_include?(column_name)
    relation = apply_join_dependency

    if operation.to_s.downcase == "count"
      unless distinct_value || distinct_select?(column_name || select_for_count)
        relation.distinct!
        relation.select_values = [ klass.primary_key || table[Arel.star] ]
      end
      # PostgreSQL: ORDER BY expressions must appear in SELECT list when using DISTINCT
      relation.order_values = [] if group_values.empty?
    end

    relation.calculate(operation, column_name)
  else
    perform_calculation(operation, column_name)
  end
end

count(column_name = nil)

Count the records.

Person.count
# => the total count of all people

Person.count(:age)
# => returns the total count of all people whose age is present in database

Person.count(:all)
# => performs a COUNT(*) (:all is an alias for '*')

Person.distinct.count(:age)
# => counts the number of different age values

If count is used with Relation#group, it returns a Hash whose keys represent the aggregated column, and the values are the respective amounts:

Person.group(:city).count
# => { 'Rome' => 5, 'Paris' => 3 }

If count is used with Relation#group for multiple columns, it returns a Hash whose keys are an array containing the individual values of each column and the value of each key would be the count.

Article.group(:status, :category).count
# =>  {["draft", "business"]=>10, ["draft", "technology"]=>4,
#      ["published", "business"]=>0, ["published", "technology"]=>2}

If count is used with Relation#select, it will count the selected columns:

Person.select(:age).count
# => counts the number of different age values

Note: not all valid Relation#select expressions are valid count expressions. The specifics differ between databases. In invalid cases, an error from the database is thrown.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb, line 84
def count(column_name = nil)
  if block_given?
    unless column_name.nil?
      raise ArgumentError, "Column name argument is not supported when a block is passed."
    end

    super()
  else
    calculate(:count, column_name)
  end
end

ids()

Pluck all the ID's for the relation using the table's primary key

Person.ids # SELECT people.id FROM people
Person.joins(:companies).ids # SELECT people.id FROM people INNER JOIN companies ON companies.person_id = people.id
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb, line 283
def ids
  pluck primary_key
end

maximum(column_name)

Calculates the maximum value on a given column. The value is returned with the same data type of the column, or nil if there's no row. See calculate for examples with options.

Person.maximum(:age) # => 93
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb, line 118
def maximum(column_name)
  calculate(:maximum, column_name)
end

minimum(column_name)

Calculates the minimum value on a given column. The value is returned with the same data type of the column, or nil if there's no row. See calculate for examples with options.

Person.minimum(:age) # => 7
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb, line 109
def minimum(column_name)
  calculate(:minimum, column_name)
end

pick(*column_names)

Pick the value(s) from the named column(s) in the current relation. This is short-hand for relation.limit(1).pluck(*column_names).first, and is primarily useful when you have a relation that's already narrowed down to a single row.

Just like pluck, pick will only load the actual value, not the entire record object, so it's also more efficient. The value is, again like with pluck, typecast by the column type.

Person.where(id: 1).pick(:name)
# SELECT people.name FROM people WHERE id = 1 LIMIT 1
# => 'David'

Person.where(id: 1).pick(:name, :email_address)
# SELECT people.name, people.email_address FROM people WHERE id = 1 LIMIT 1
# => [ 'David', 'david@loudthinking.com' ]
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb, line 271
def pick(*column_names)
  if loaded? && all_attributes?(column_names)
    return records.pick(*column_names)
  end

  limit(1).pluck(*column_names).first
end

pluck(*column_names)

Use pluck as a shortcut to select one or more attributes without loading an entire record object per row.

Person.pluck(:name)

instead of

Person.all.map(&:name)

Pluck returns an Array of attribute values type-casted to match the plucked column names, if they can be deduced. Plucking an SQL fragment returns String values by default.

Person.pluck(:name)
# SELECT people.name FROM people
# => ['David', 'Jeremy', 'Jose']

Person.pluck(:id, :name)
# SELECT people.id, people.name FROM people
# => [[1, 'David'], [2, 'Jeremy'], [3, 'Jose']]

Person.distinct.pluck(:role)
# SELECT DISTINCT role FROM people
# => ['admin', 'member', 'guest']

Person.where(age: 21).limit(5).pluck(:id)
# SELECT people.id FROM people WHERE people.age = 21 LIMIT 5
# => [2, 3]

Person.pluck(Arel.sql('DATEDIFF(updated_at, created_at)'))
# SELECT DATEDIFF(updated_at, created_at) FROM people
# => ['0', '27761', '173']

See also ids.

# File activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb, line 233
def pluck(*column_names)
  if loaded? && all_attributes?(column_names)
    return records.pluck(*column_names)
  end

  if has_include?(column_names.first)
    relation = apply_join_dependency
    relation.pluck(*column_names)
  else
    klass.disallow_raw_sql!(column_names)
    columns = arel_columns(column_names)
    relation = spawn
    relation.select_values = columns
    result = skip_query_cache_if_necessary do
      if where_clause.contradiction?
        ActiveRecord::Result.empty
      else
        klass.connection.select_all(relation.arel, "#{klass.name} Pluck")
      end
    end
    type_cast_pluck_values(result, columns)
  end
end

sum(identity_or_column = nil, &block)

Calculates the sum of values on a given column. The value is returned with the same data type of the column, 0 if there's no row. See calculate for examples with options.

Person.sum(:age) # => 4562
# File activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/calculations.rb, line 127
    def sum(identity_or_column = nil, &block)
      if block_given?
        values = map(&block)
        if identity_or_column.nil? && (values.first.is_a?(Numeric) || values.first(1) == [] || values.first.respond_to?(:coerce))
          identity_or_column = 0
        end

        if identity_or_column.nil?
          ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(<<-MSG.squish)
            Rails 7.0 has deprecated Enumerable.sum in favor of Ruby's native implementation available since 2.4.
            Sum of non-numeric elements requires an initial argument.
          MSG
          values.inject(:+) || 0
        else
          values.sum(identity_or_column)
        end
      else
        calculate(:sum, identity_or_column)
      end
    end